Functional morphology and post-larval development of the buccal complex in Eubranchus rupium (Nudibranchia: Aeolidida: Fionidae)

Abstract

Nudibranch molluscs represent an interesting model group to study the evolution of feeding apparatus and feeding modes, being characterized by specialized buccal complex in combination with extremely diverse dietary preferences and multiply prey shifts in evolutionary history. However, the plasticity of the buccal complex morphology in response to diet and specific feeding modes remains understudied. Here we study the general morphology and ontogenesis of the buccal complex in Eubranchus rupium (Nudibranchia: Fionidae). Specific goals are to provide a detailed description of buccal structures morphology in post-larval stages, suggest the feeding mechanism and discuss the phylogenetic value of the morphological characteristics of buccal armature within the genus Eubranchus. Methods included in vivo observations of the feeding process for E. rupium, light microscopic methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). According to our results, E. rupium is a mechanical driller, boring holes in hydrozoan perisarc and sucking internal content. The mechanical drilling is supplied by functionally uniserial radula with plate-like laterals teeth of exclusively supportive function and by massive buccal musculature. Comparative phylogeny-based analysis suggests that the drilling feeding mode is common for the genus Eubranchus and indicates radular characters may have a high phylogenetic signal. The buccal complex morphology and feeding mode were found to be similar in both adults and post-metamorphic specimens, its general structures occur even in settled veligers. Juveniles and adults compete for food source, but the competition is smoothed due to characteristics of prey species growth and life cycle.