Abstract
Lipids are apolar small molecules known not only as components of cell membranes but also, in recent literature, as modulators of different biological functions. Herein, we focused on the bioactive lipids that can influence the immune responses and inflammatory processes regulating vascular hyperreactivity, pain, leukocyte trafficking, and clearance. In the case of excessive pro-inflammatory lipid activity, these lipids also contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. Based on their biochemical function, these lipids can be divided into different families, including eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, lysoglycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids. These bioactive lipids are involved in all phases of the inflammatory process and the pathophysiology of different chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Highlights
Lipids and InflammationInflammation is an immune response that occurs following infections, cellular insults, or tissue insults and that can be spontaneously exhausted after the elimination of the damage
The phosphate forms of sphingolipids are notably related to inflammation, where S1P acts on either COX-2 or NF-kB and ceramide-1P acts on phospholipases A2 [63,64]
Numerous new studies have proved the role of different functional lipids in the treatment of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases (AIDs), which are increasingly prevalent health problems among the global population
Summary
Inflammation is an immune response that occurs following infections, cellular insults, or tissue insults and that can be spontaneously exhausted after the elimination of the damage. It includes an extensive network of cellular and molecular processes, in which a multitude of preformed or newly synthesized mediators are arranged to obtain specific responses. Protracted and uncontrolled immune responses can lead to chronic inflammation, irreparable tissue damages, and chronic diseases. Uncontrolled immune responses occur in many common autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and Grave’s disease. InInflfalmammmatoartyorliypidlispaidnds tahneidr inthteericroninnetectricoonns.nTehcetigornese.nTpohientsgirnedeincatpeoliipnitdss winidthicaanttei-inlifplaimdsmwatoitrhy apnrotip-ienrtfileasm, wmhaetroerays tpherorpeedrtpioesin, tswinhdeirceaates litphieds rwedithpporoin-itnsflaimndmicaattoerylpiproidpsertwiesith[5–p37r]o.-iFnAfl:afmatmtyaatcoirdys panrodptehretiireds e[5ri–v3a7ti]v.eFsA; P: UfaFtAty: pacoildyus nasnadtutrhaeteirddfaetrtiyvaactiivdessc;oPnUtaFinAin: gpobloythunesnadtoucraantnedabfiantotiydascaindds eciocnotsaainnoiindgs; bAoAth: aernacdhoicdaonnnicabacinido;idEPsAa:nediceoiscaopseanntaoeidnos;icAaAcid: ;aDraHchAid: odnocicosaachiedx;aEenPoAic: aecicido;saGpLe:ngtlayecnerooicphaocsipdh; oDliHpiAds:; dLoTsc:oslaehuekxoatreinenoeics; aPcGids:; GprLo:stagglylacnedroinpsh; oTsXpsh:oltihpriodms;boLxTasn:esl;euRkvo: trrieesnoelvs;inPs;GAs:EAp:roasntaangdlaanmdiidnes;; 2T-AXGs:: t2h-aroramchbidoxonanoielgs;lyceRrovl;: PEAre:spoallvminitso;yletAhaEnAol:amaidnea;nOdEaAm: Oid-ea;rach2i-dAonGo:ylet2h-aanroalcahmidinoen; oLiPlAgl:ylycesoroplh;oshPatEidAic: pacaildm; iPtoAy:lepthhoasnpohlaatmidiicdea;cidO; EDAA:G:Od-iaarcaycghliicdeoronlos;ylTeAthGa:ntorilaacmylignleic;eroLlPs;AC: DlPy-sDoApGho: schyatitdidinice daipchido;sphPaAte: pdhiaocsyplghlaytciedroicl; CacLid: c;arDdAioGlip: indsi;aPcyI:gplhicoesrpohlsa;tidTyAl Gin:ostirtioalsc;yLlgPlIi:cleyrsoolps;hoCspDhPa-tDidAylGin:osciytotilsd;iPnGe :dpihpohsopshpahtiadtyel dgilyacceyrloglsly; LcePrGo:ll;ysCoLph: ocsaprhdaitoidlyiplginlysc;erPolIs:; PpEh:opshpohspahtiadtiydlylienthoasnitoolalsm; inLePsI;:LPlyEs:olypshopohsposhpahtaidtidyylilnetohsaintoollsa;mPinGes:; plPGSyhMClscoo:C:pspsephphrohh:osaigspntlphiugdhaocytoamisldtiyyydleglcylcleiylhnreacostm;elhiCrnaiodeenlsreso-;;1;LlLPaPaLm:CccPC:eiGnlreyaer:sm:sol;lpaiydchPsteoooCs1spp:-yphhlcphaoehotsrisdpaopmyshhplaciadhhttieeoad;.ltyiSind1legPysl:l;ysPcpcSehh:rpioonhllgiosno;ssepisPnh;eaEtL:1id-PpypChlhso:oesrspliypnhsehaosta;eptL;ihGdPoSyas:llplCeyhteshroa:aptignhdaooyllsaalpccmthhoaositnylidilencysee;lrssae;LmriPPnidEeSes::;; phosphatidyl serines; LPS: lysophosphatidylserines; GlcCer: glucosylceramide; LacCer: lactosylceramide; S1P: sphingosine 1-phosphate; GalCer: galactosylceramide; SM: sphingomyelins; Cer-1P: ceramide 1-phosphate
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
