Abstract
Ionic liquids are gaining high attention due to their extremely unique physiochemical properties and are being utilized in numerous applications in the field of electrochemistry and bio-nanotechnology. The excellent ionic conductivity and the wide electrochemical window open a new avenue in the construction of electrochemical devices. On the other hand, carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene (GR), graphene oxide (GO), carbon dots (CDs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are highly utilized in electrochemical applications. Since they have a large surface area, high conductivity, stability, and functionality, they are promising in biosensor applications. Nevertheless, the combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) results in the functional ILs-CNMs hybrid nanocomposites with considerably improved surface chemistry and electrochemical properties. Moreover, the high functionality and biocompatibility of ILs favor the high loading of biomolecules on the electrode surface. They extremely enhance the sensitivity of the biosensor that reaches the ability of ultra-low detection limit. This review aims to provide the studies of the synthesis, properties, and bonding of functional ILs-CNMs. Further, their electrochemical sensors and biosensor applications for the detection of numerous analytes are also discussed.
Highlights
Shen et al detected the immunoglobulin G (IgG) through the voltammetric sensor. They developed the immunosensor of amine-terminated carbon nanotube (CNT-NH2 ) and aldehyde-functionalized ILCHO nanocomposites followed by the immobilization of capture antibody
Manoj and coworkers utilized the electrochemically RGO (ERGO) modified by aldehyde functionalizedIL (3-(3-formyl-4-hydroxy benzyl)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) through the π–π staking, followed by the immobilization of glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) or Azure A
CuO-ionic liquids (ILs)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite on SPE, which was utilized for the quantitative estimation of glucose via chronoamperometric, where the result can be obtained in 20 s
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. It can be observed that the electrolyte possesses high electron mobility and low viscosity, which could result in a high electrochemical stability frame These enormous properties of ILs make them favorable in biosensor applications, mostly in the fabrication of electrochemical and optical sensors and biosensor devices. These reviews systematically presented the synthesis and diverse applications of ILs-CNMs, but they lacked information regarding biosensor applications for the detection of several cancerous and cardiac biomarkers as well as other analytes whose functions are directly correlated to the biological processes These reviews are not updated with the recent work in the field of ILs-CNMs. In this review, we will discuss the synthetic strategies, physical and chemical properties, and bonding involved in the ILs-CNMs. various ILs-functionalized hybrid carbon nanostructured-based fabrications of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, their working principle, advantages, and potential application are discussed. A schematic of a cross-linked ILs/polymer sandwiched between two CNT/polymer electrodes and hybrid manufacturing process is illustrated in Figure 9B,C [79]
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