Functional interaction of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 with members of the dynamin GTPase superfamily

Klodjan Stafa,Ted M Dawson,Rina Bandopadhyay,Liliane Glauser,Yulan Xiong,Elpida Tsika,Valina L Dawson,Darren J Moore,Amy Jones,Roger Moser,Alessandra Musso,Saskia Biskup

doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt600

Abstract

Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 encodes a multi-domain protein containing GTPase and kinase domains, and putative protein–protein interaction domains. Familial PD mutations alter the GTPase and kinase activity of LRRK2 in vitro. LRRK2 is suggested to regulate a number of cellular pathways although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To explore such mechanisms, it has proved informative to identify LRRK2-interacting proteins, some of which serve as LRRK2 kinase substrates. Here, we identify common interactions of LRRK2 with members of the dynamin GTPase superfamily. LRRK2 interacts with dynamin 1–3 that mediate membrane scission in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and with dynamin-related proteins that mediate mitochondrial fission (Drp1) and fusion (mitofusins and OPA1). LRRK2 partially co-localizes with endosomal dynamin-1 or with mitofusins and OPA1 at mitochondrial membranes. The subcellular distribution and oligomeric complexes of dynamin GTPases are not altered by modulating LRRK2 in mouse brain, whereas mature OPA1 levels are reduced in G2019S PD brains. LRRK2 enhances mitofusin-1 GTP binding, whereas dynamin-1 and OPA1 serve as modest substrates of LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation in vitro. While dynamin GTPase orthologs are not required for LRRK2-induced toxicity in yeast, LRRK2 functionally interacts with dynamin-1 and mitofusin-1 in cultured neurons. LRRK2 attenuates neurite shortening induced by dynamin-1 by reducing its levels, whereas LRRK2 rescues impaired neurite outgrowth induced by mitofusin-1 potentially by reversing excessive mitochondrial fusion. Our study elucidates novel functional interactions of LRRK2 with dynamin-superfamily GTPases that implicate LRRK2 in the regulation of membrane dynamics important for endocytosis and mitochondrial morphology.

Highlights

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene are a common cause of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) and common variation within the LRRK2 locus is associated with an increased risk of idiopathic PD [1,2,3]
Dnm1 belongs to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases whose members notably include classical dynamins (i.e. Dnm1, Dnm2 and Dnm3) and dynamin-related proteins [52], whereas classical dynamins mediate vesicle scission events at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network to regulate endocytosis, dynamin-related proteins are involved in mitochondrial membrane fission (i.e. Drp1) and fusion (i.e. Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1) events to regulate mitochondrial dynamics [52,53,54]
LRRK2 commonly interacts with the classical dynamins, Dnm1, Dnm2 and Dnm3, which play an important role in membrane scission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Summary

Introduction

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene are a common cause of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) and common variation within the LRRK2 locus is associated with an increased risk of idiopathic PD [1,2,3]. Familial mutations have divergent effects on LRRK2 enzymatic activity, the overexpression of LRRK2 familial mutants commonly enhances neuronal toxicity including inhibition of neurite outgrowth and induction of apoptotic cell death (4,7,13,15 – 17). The mechanisms regulating the neurotoxic actions of LRRK2 are not fully understood kinase activity is required for the pathogenic effects of the G2019S mutation in cultured neurons and in rodents [7,16,18,19]. GTPase activity contributes to LRRK2-dependent neuronal toxicity [14,16,20,21,22,23]

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Results

Conclusion