Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) has been used as an attractive and efficient process to restore the original tissue structures and functions through the combination of biodegradable scaffolds, seeded cells, and biological factors. As a unique type of scaffolds, hydrogels have been frequently used for TE because of their similar 3D structures to the native extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as their tunable biochemical and biophysical properties to control cell functions such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Various types of hydrogels have been prepared from naturally derived biomaterials, synthetic polymers, or their combination, showing their promise in TE. This review summarizes the very recent progress of hydrogels used for TE applications. The strategies for tuning biophysical and biochemical properties, and structures of hydrogels are first introduced. Their influences on cell functions and promotive effects on tissue regeneration are then highlighted.
Highlights
Tissue engineering (TE) has emerged as a useful approach to treat tissue damages caused by diseases and trauma, which has shown many advantages as compared to conventional treatment strategies
The results show that the DNA and GAG contents increase with culture time and the neocartilaginous tissue at 6 weeks is homogeneously distributed in the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel with the ratio of 1:3, indicating the importance of degradation for TE (Martens et al, 2003)
The results indicate the bilayered structure has a great potential for spatially separated coculture of chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteochondral tissue regeneration
Summary
Tissue engineering (TE) has emerged as a useful approach to treat tissue damages caused by diseases and trauma, which has shown many advantages as compared to conventional treatment strategies. Hydrogels are generally prepared by translating hydrophilic polymers solution into 3D network structure via physical or chemical crosslinking. During this process, hydrogels can encapsulate cells homogeneously and provide cells a 3D microenvironment similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) (Tibbitt and Anseth, 2009). The approaches to tune the structure and physiochemical properties of hydrogels and their effects on cell functions and tissue regeneration are compared. Alginate is interpenetrated and crosslinked into photopolymerized gelatin hydrogel network to generate alginate/gelatin hybrid hydrogel (Pacelli et al, 2018) Such a hydrogel is confirmed to have the function of promoting bone tissue regeneration due to the good biocompatibility and enhanced mechanical property
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