Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) employs a huge network of molecules (receptors, ligands, and enzymatic machinery molecules) whose interactions with other cellular networks have still not been fully elucidated. Endogenous cannabinoids are molecules with the primary function of control of multiple metabolic pathways. Maintenance of tissue and cellular homeostasis by functional fine-tuning of essential metabolic pathways is one of the key characteristics of the ECS. It is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological states and an attractive pharmacological target yet to reach its full potential. This review will focus on the involvement of ECS in glucose and lipid metabolism, food intake regulation, immune homeostasis, respiratory health, inflammation, cancer and other physiological and pathological states will be substantiated using freely available data from open-access databases, experimental data and literature review. Future directions should envision capturing its diversity and exploiting pharmacological options beyond the classical ECS suspects (exogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor monomers) as signaling through cannabinoid receptor heteromers offers new possibilities for different biochemical outcomes in the cell.
Highlights
Accepted: 26 March 2021 the biological components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are well known and have been explored in detail over many decades, its significance seems to enlarge with every new experimental study
The role and mechanism by which the ECS is involved in the regulation of metabolism is not fully known, but its action is in large part through cyclic AMP/receptor activation-related pathways activated by cannabinoid ligands [1,2]
AEA, 2-AG, ∆9 -THC, CBD, HU-331, CP 55,940 acting through CB1R, CB2R and PPARγ in gastrointestinal tumors cell invasiveness through the AKT/GSK3β signaling axis, induction of apoptosis through the inhibition of RAS–MAPK, PI3K–AKT and increased ceramide synthesis phyto, endo- and synthetic cannabinoids, and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors acting through CB1R, CB2R and CB2R-CXCR4 in prostate cancer inhibition of cancer cell survival, migration and invasiveness through adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase A, EGFR
Summary
The biological components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are well known and have been explored in detail over many decades, its significance seems to enlarge with every new experimental study. B-cells and naive B-cells, while CNR2 is group enriched in basophils, eosinophils, naive previously explored the HPA The. significance these receptors in cancer has been about the protein expression and correlation between expression and patient previously explored using the HPA Pathology Atlas [12] which employs informationsurabout vival for 17expression different types of human cancer. Data showed that these twofor the protein and correlation between mRNA these expression and patient survival not prognostically hasthat beenthese found to receptors be en17receptors differentwere typesgenerally of human cancer Althoughsignificant, these dataCB1R showed two riched in glioma and CB2R in testicular cancer. CB1R in and (b) CB2R in human tissues according the Human mRNA expression overview shows as the consensus dataset based on a combination of three sources—RNA-seAtlas database [10]. (resulting transcript expression values calculated for each gene in every sample)
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