Functional Evaluation of Conserved Basic Residues in Human Phosphomevalonate Kinase

Abstract

Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) catalyzes the cation-dependent reaction of mevalonate 5-phosphate with ATP to form mevalonate 5-diphosphate and ADP, a key step in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid/sterol biosynthesis. Animal PMK proteins belong to the nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase family. For many NMP kinases, multiple basic residues contribute to the neutralization of the negatively charged pentacoordinate phosphate reaction intermediate. Loss of basicity can result in catalytically impaired enzymes. On the basis of this precedent, conserved basic residues of human PMK have been mutated, and purified forms of the mutated proteins have been kinetically and biophysically characterized. K48M and R73M mutants exhibit diminished Vmax values in both reaction directions (>1000-fold) with only slight Km perturbations (<10-fold). In both forward and reverse reactions, R110M exhibits a large (>10,000-fold) specific activity diminution. R111M exhibits substantially inflated Km values for mevalonate 5-phosphate and mevalonate 5-diphosphate (60- and 30-fold, respectively) as well as decreases [50-fold (forward) and 85-fold (reverse)] in Vmax. R84M also exhibits inflated Km values (50- and 33-fold for mevalonate 5-phosphate and mevalonate 5-diphosphate, respectively). The Ki values for R111M and R84M product inhibition by mevalonate 5-diphosphate are inflated by 45- and 63-fold; effects are comparable to the 30- and 38-fold inflations in Km for mevalonate 5-diphosphate. R141M exhibits little perturbation in Vmax [14-fold (forward) and 10-fold (reverse)] but has inflated Km values for ATP and ADP (48- and 136-fold, respectively). The Kd of ATP for R141M, determined by changes in tryptophan fluorescence, is inflated 27-fold compared to wt PMK. These data suggest that R110 is important to PMK catalysis, which is also influenced by K48 and R73. R111 and R84 contribute to binding of mevalonate 5-phosphate and R141 to binding of ATP.