Functional Dynamics of the Folded Ankyrin Repeats of IκBα Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Abstract

Inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is mainly accomplished by IκBα, which consists of a signal response sequence at the N-terminus, a six-ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) that binds NF-κB, and a C-terminal PEST sequence. Previous studies with the ARD revealed that the fifth and sixth repeats are only partially folded in the absence of NF-κB. Here we report NMR studies of a truncated version of IκBα, containing only the first four ankyrin repeats, IκBα(67−206). This four-repeat segment is well-structured in the free state, enabling full resonance assignments to be made. H−D exchange, backbone dynamics, and residual dipolar coupling (RDC) experiments reveal regions of flexibility. In addition, regions consistent with the presence of micro- to millisecond motions occur periodically throughout the repeat structure. Comparison of the RDCs with the crystal structure gave only moderate agreement, but an ensemble of structures generated by accelerated molecular dynamics gave much better agreement with the measured RDCs. The regions showing flexibility correspond to those implicated in entropic compensation for the loss of flexibility in ankyrin repeats 5 and 6 upon binding to NF-κB. The regions showing micro- to millisecond motions in the free protein are the ends of the β-hairpins that directly interact with NF-κB in the complex.