Functional connectivity during language processing in 3-month-old infants at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract

Auditory statistical learning (ASL) plays a role in language development and may lay a foundation for later social communication impairment. As part of a longitudinal study of infant siblings, we asked whether electroencephalography (EEG) measures of connectivity during ASL at 3months of age-differentiated infants who showed signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at age 18months. We measured spectral power and phase coherence in the theta (4-6Hz) and alpha (6-12Hz) frequency bands within putative language networks. Infants were divided into ASD-concern (n=14) and No-ASD-concern (n=49) outcome groups based on their ASD symptoms at 18months, measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale Toddler Module. Using permutation testing, we identified a trend toward reduced left fronto-central phase coherence at the electrode pair F9-C3 in both theta and alpha frequency bands in infants who later showed ASD symptoms at 18months. Across outcome groups, alpha coherence at 3months correlated with greater word production at 18months on the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. This study introduces signal processing and analytic tools that account for the challenges inherent in infant EEG studies, such as short duration of recordings, considerable movement artifact, and variable volume conduction. Our results indicate that connectivity, as measured by phase coherence during 2.5min of ASL, can be quantified as early as 3months and suggest that early alternations in connectivity may serve as markers of resilience for neurodevelopmental impairments.