Functional characterization of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, CsF3′H, from Crocus sativus L: Insights into substrate specificity and role in abiotic stress

Abstract

Stress-responsive dihydroxy flavonoids exhibit capability to inhibit the accretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The formation of these dihydroxy flavonols is catalyzed by flavonoid hydroxylases which are among the rate limiting enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Although flavonoid hydroxylases have been identified in several plant species but their role in abiotic stress is not explicitly documented. In the present study we report identification of all the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes of Crocus sativus and their expression profiling. We also report functional characterization of flavonoid 3′ hydroxylase (CsF3′H) and attempt to explore its physiological role in vitro and in planta. The results indicated that CsF3′H is 1608 bp long encoding 535 amino acids. Docking and enzyme kinetic studies revealed that CsF3′H catalyzes hydroxylation of naringenin and dihydrokaempferol to eriodictoyl and dihydroquercetin respectively, but exhibits higher affinity for naringenin. Further, CsF3′H showed comparatively higher expression in floral tissues particularly stigma and its expression was significantly enhanced in response to UV-B, dehydration and salinity stress indicative of its role in stress. The expression of CsF3′H was associated with concomitant accumulation of eriodictoyl and dihydroquercetin. Transient overexpression of CsF3′H in Nicotiana benthamiana leads to the accumulation of substantial amounts of eriodictoyl and dihydroquercetin. Further, it was observed that transient expression of CsF3′H conferred tolerance to UV-B and dehydration stress as was evident from higher chlorophyll and soluble sugar and lower MDA contents. Taken together, these results suggest that CsF3′H confers tolerance to UV-B and dehydration in planta through synthesis of dihydroflavonols.