Abstract
Dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR) is a key later enzyme involved in two polyphenols’ (anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs)) biosynthesis, however it is not characterized in cotton yet. In present reports, a DFR cDNA homolog (designated as GhDFR1) was cloned from developing fibers of upland cotton. Silencing GhDFR1 in cotton by virus-induced gene silencing led to significant decrease in accumulation of anthocyanins and PAs. More interestingly, based on LC-MS analysis, two PA monomers, (–)-epicatachin and (–)-epigallocatachin, remarkably decreased in content in fibers of GhDFR1-silenced plants, but two new monomers, (–)-catachin and (–)-gallocatachin were present compared to the control plants infected with empty vector. The ectopic expression of GhDFR1 in an Arabidopsis TT3 mutant allowed for reconstruction of PAs biosynthesis pathway and led to accumulation of PAs in seed coat. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GhDFR1 contributes to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and PAs in cotton.
Highlights
Dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219) is a NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that is a key later enzyme involved in controlling flux into biosynthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs), which are two polyphenols [1]
We characterized a cotton ANR protein which comes after DFR in the PA biosynthesis pathway
The results of alignment showed the amino acid sequence of GhDFR1 is similar to Citrus sinensis DFR
Summary
Dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219) is a NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that is a key later enzyme involved in controlling flux into biosynthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs), which are two polyphenols [1]. Some evidences showed DFR in some plants can biosynthesize and accumulate PAs, which is possibly involved in increased resistance/tolerance to pathogens, insects, and herbivores [10]. Purplefurther flowersdemonstrate as well as colorful vascular tissuesand and contents fruits [22].ofInPAs general, anthocyanins help resistance/tolerance to pathogens, insects, and herbivores [17,19,20,21]. General, anthocyanins past decades, many have worked to improve cotton resistance/tolerance to plants attract insects andbreeding animalsprograms for pollination and dissemination of seeds, as well as protecting pathogens and insects, including transgenic. We isolated a cDNA encoding a DFR isoenzyme from the fiber of upland cotton (designated as GhDFR1), and revealed the function of GhDFR1 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). In cotton and recovering the phenotype of the TT3 mutant in Arabidopsis
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