Abstract
The cell surface is the forward position in cancer immunotherapy, with surface ligand and receptor interactions between various cells for determining immune privilege or recognition. Therefore, cell surface engineering (CSE) that manipulates the surface interactions between the immune effector cells (IECs) and tumor cells represents a promising means for eliciting effective anticancer immunity. Specifically, taking advantage of the development in biomaterials and nanotechnology, the use of functional bionanomaterials for CSE is attracting more and more attention in recent years. Rationally designed functional biomaterials have been applied to construct artificial functional modules on the surface of cells through genetic engineering, metabolic labeling, chemical conjugation, hydrophobic insertion, and many other means, and the CSE process can be performed both ex vivo and in vivo, on either IECs or tumor cells, and results in enhanced anticancer immunity and various new cancer immunity paradigms. In this review, we will summarize the recent exciting progresses made in the application of functional bionanomaterials for CSE especially in establishing effective recognition and interaction between IECs and tumor cells.
Highlights
Scitation.org/journal/apb constructing artificial receptors or ligands on the surface represents an alternative promising strategy for adjusting the immune recognition process in antitumor immunity
Ex vivo cell surface engineering (CSE) for immunotherapy mainly works on improving the ability of immune effector cells (IECs) to recognize cancer cells or overcome obstacles that IECs face in the tumor microenvironment which has been used for T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages [Fig. 2(a)]
The cell is the basic unit of an organism, and cell–cell interactions through surface molecules is the basic phenomenon in an organism
Summary
The cell membrane functions as more than just mechanical support and protection for cells.[1]. Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been applied to regulate the function of immune checkpoint proteins expressed on T cell and tumor cell membranes for relieving the negative immune regulation and recovering the activity of T cells to tumor cells.[17,18] Antibodies against other cell surface proteins such as CD47 and sialic acid binding immunoglobulin lectins (Siglecs) have been developed for priming an effective antitumor immune responses.[19,20,21,22,23] From another aspect, directly manipulating the IEC or tumor cell surfaces with various cell surface engineering (CSE) approaches for APL Bioeng. We refer the interested readers to the other excellent recent reviews.[40,41,42,43,44,45]
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