Abstract
In the present study, fish oil (FO) and wall material were supplemented to milk to produce spray-dried powder (SDP). Furthermore, the mandate of the study was to enlighten the effect of spray-drying (SD) operating conditions on functional and oxidative quality of produced SDP samples. Purposefully, the cow milk was supplemented with 3% FO as omega-enriched source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for development of milk and FO blends (MFOBs). The lecithin was used as an emulsifier and maltodextrin was supplemented as the wall material (WM) in the MFOBs. Initially, the FO, milk fat (MF), and MFOB samples were characterized for EPA, DHA, and peroxide value (PV) before the SD. The SD of MFOB samples was carried out to produce SDP samples by using a mini spray dryer. Central composite design (CCD) with face-centered rotation was used to optimize SD independent conditions such as inlet air temperature (IAT), pump speed (PS), maltodextrin percentage (MD), and needle speed (NS) in the ranges of 160–200°C, 3–9 mL/min, 10–30%, and 5–9 s, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) ranged between 89.30 and 81.57%. The EPA and DHA retentions were in the ranges of 2.19–1.87 g/100 g and 3.20–2.75 g/100 g, respectively. The highest results for responses were observed on the following conditions: IAT was 160°C, PS was 9 mL/min, MD was 30%, and NS was 9 s, respectively; the minimum values of response factors were obtained on the following conditions: IAT was 200°C, PS was 3 mL/min, MD was 10%, and NS was 5 s, respectively. The percent losses of EPA and DHA were noted in the range of 2–18%. The IAT was observed as main factor for FA reduction in SDP samples. The SDP samples were stable, and low rate of peroxide values was noted. Overall, spray drying can be potentially used to incorporate the essential fatty acids in milk to produce stable SDP for food applications.
Highlights
Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) are a significant member of biologically active ingredients belonging to a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). ese have double bonds, where the first double bond is always located at the 3rd carbon atom from the methyl group [1]
Published studies have emphasized the importance of utilization of very-long-chain (LC) ω-3 FAs as they play a key role in sharpening learning abilities at childhood and their behavior [5] and decreased the burden of psychiatric sickness in young age adults [6]. e daily recommended consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ranged from 250 mg to 1000 mg for normal adults and preferably Journal of Food Quality higher intake requirements are suggested for both pregnant and lactating females [7]
FAs analysis of milk samples (MS) has shown very low EPA 0.044 ± 0.01% and DHA 0.006 ± 0.01% content among the PUFAs group of total FAs present in milk fat (MF) (Table 2). e findings of the present study are supported by the research work of Stergiadis et al [45] which described that the cow milk has very low percentages of the EPA and DHA as 0.048% and 0.007%, respectively, among PUFAs groups
Summary
Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) are a significant member of biologically active ingredients belonging to a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). ese have double bonds, where the first double bond is always located at the 3rd carbon atom from the methyl group [1]. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) are a significant member of biologically active ingredients belonging to a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). FAs like ω-3 PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), show numerous beneficial positive impacts in boosting the human health [2]. E available previous literature supports the applications of PUFAs to regulate the chronic diseases [3]. DHA is the key constituent to impart significant contributions in development of fetal brain, neurons, sharpness of vision in infants, metabolisms of lipids, and cognitive support. E daily recommended consumption of EPA and DHA ranged from 250 mg to 1000 mg for normal adults and preferably. The daily consumption of ω-3 FAs in developing countries is very much low or below the recommended intake range [8, 9]
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