Abstract
Plants have a series of response mechanisms to adapt when they are subjected to external stress. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in plants function against a variety of abiotic stresses. We screened 17 CDPKs from drought- and salt-induced soybean transcriptome sequences. The phylogenetic tree divided CDPKs of rice, Arabidopsis and soybean into five groups (I–V). Cis-acting element analysis showed that the 17 CDPKs contained some elements associated with drought and salt stresses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the 17 CDPKs were responsive after different degrees of induction under drought and salt stresses. GmCDPK3 was selected as a further research target due to its high relative expression. The subcellular localization experiment showed that GmCDPK3 was located on the membrane of Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of GmCDPK3 improved drought and salt resistance in Arabidopsis. In the soybean hairy roots experiment, the leaves of GmCDPK3 hairy roots with RNA interference (GmCDPK3-RNAi) soybean lines were more wilted than those of GmCDPK3 overexpression (GmCDPK3-OE) soybean lines after drought and salt stresses. The trypan blue staining experiment further confirmed that cell membrane damage of GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean leaves was more severe than in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. In addition, proline (Pro) and chlorophyll contents were increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. On the contrary, GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean lines had decreased Pro and chlorophyll content and increased MDA. The results indicate that GmCDPK3 is essential in resisting drought and salt stresses.
Highlights
Plants inevitably experience a variety of abiotic stresses during their growth and development process, such as drought, salt, and extreme temperature [1]
The results showed that in transgenic Arabidopsis, GmCDPK3 gene was resistant to drought and salt environmental stress, and this characteristic was verified in soybean root experiment
The adjacent junction is the complete sequence of Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in Arabidopsis, rice, and soybean, and the
Summary
Plants inevitably experience a variety of abiotic stresses during their growth and development process, such as drought, salt, and extreme temperature [1]. As signals are transmitted through the cell, the plant will regulate the expression of some genes and produce new proteins, which will change noticeably at the morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels [3]. The signal goes downstream, causing changes in the expression of the corresponding gene, thereby regulating the response of the plant to adverse stimuli [4,5]. The C-terminus domain of CDPKs binds with Ca2+, resulting in conformational changes of CDPK proteins and causing activation of the kinase domain and autoimmune changes This change results in important functions of CDPKs in plant responses to abiotic stresses [11]. The results showed that in transgenic Arabidopsis, GmCDPK3 gene was resistant to drought and salt environmental stress, and this characteristic was verified in soybean root experiment. The discovery could help develop plants that are resistant to drought and salt
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