Functional analysis of the glucocorticoid regulatory elements present in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat: A synthetic distal binding site can replace the proximal binding domain

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Transcription of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA is stimulated by steroid hormones. The DNA sequences involved in this regulation are located in the viral long terminal repeat between positions −200 and −50 with respect to the transcription initiation site. In this region four, one distal and three proximal, in vitro binding sites for the glucocorticoid hormone-receptor complexes have been identified. We have prepared a series of 5′ and 3′ deletions of this region, using the exonuclease ExoIII. Combination of suitable 5′ and 3′ fragments enabled us to reconstitute the entire long terminal repeat with small internal deletions. The mutated long terminal repeats linked to the coding region of the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene were introduced into LTK − aprt − cells by transfection. Transcription from the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter in the presence or absence of hormone was assayed by nuclease S 1 mapping. Deletion of the proximal in vitro binding sites resulted in a decrease in hormonal inducibility. When a synthetic oligonucleotide harboring the sequence of the distal in vitro binding site was inserted at the site of the proximal ones, hormone response was restored. This indicated that the distal binding site can replace the proximal ones in their hormone-regulatory function. However, insertion at the same site of an oligonucleotide containing the sequence 5′ TGTTCT 3′ found in all four binding sites, did not restore the hormone response, indicating that sequences flanking the TGTTCT motif are required for hormone response. Insertion of an unrelated DNA fragment at the site of the proximal binding element deletion completely abolished the hormone response. Analyses of different proximal binding-site deletion and insertion mutants suggested the presence of a transcriptional element located downstream from the most proximal hormone-receptor binding site.