Functional analysis of novel RHD variants: splicing disruption is likely to be a common mechanism of variant D phenotype.

Abstract

We previously showed that several variations in the RHD gene, including synonymous changes, can be classified as splice site variants and may play a direct role in D variant phenotype expression. We sought to extend our study to additional candidates, notably in the first and last exons of the gene, by engineering a novel universal splice reporting vector, i.e., minigene. Our previous plasmid construct was modified to allow subcloning of any exon(s) of interest for assessing effect of variations on splicing. Seventeen novel and/or uncharacterized variations of the RHD gene were selected for the study and tested in our novel model. We engineered and validated a novel universal minigene for assessing virtually any variations of interest for splicing defect. Of the 17 variants tested in the novel model, 11 were shown to alter splicing either totally or partially, including the silent c.1065C>T variation, which induces major skipping of exon 7, and may therefore be responsible for reducing D antigen expression. We also showed that while all three missense variations c.1154G>C, c.1154G>T, and c.1154G>A in exon 9 are splice site variants, splicing is differentially altered and D-negative phenotype observed in the presence of the latter substitution is likely due to a defect in RhD protein folding. Overall, we hypothesize that splicing alteration is likely to be a common mechanism of D phenotype variation that has been underestimated so far. Further large-scale studies are necessary to demonstrate this statement definitely.