Abstract
Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.
Highlights
Relationships between virus infection mechanisms and lipid rafts had often been studied in complexes with caveolae [1, 2]
Membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, and sphingolipids represented by GM1 and globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) were defined at the Keystone Symposium on Lipid Rafts and Cell Function (March 23–28, 2006 in Steamboat Springs, CO) as follows: “Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, steroland sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes
A cholesterol-removing reagent results in inhibition of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus entry [26, 28]. These findings indicate that glycoproteins B (gB) may interact with a cellular molecule within membrane rafts that may serve as a platform for HSV-1 entry and cell signaling
Summary
Relationships between virus infection mechanisms and lipid rafts had often been studied in complexes with caveolae [1, 2]. Membrane rafts have been shown to be involved in the virus entry, assembly, or/and budding process in infection lifecycles of various viruses, such as retroviruses (Retroviridae), RNA viruses (Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae), and DNA viruses (Adenoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae, and Poxviridae). These studies have demonstrated the localization of viral structural proteins in membrane rafts and the effects of raft-disrupting agents, which mainly remove cholesterol from the surface membrane or inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol, on the infection and replication processes of these viruses. Recent findings on the function of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response are discussed
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