Abstract
Fumonisins are phytotoxic mycotoxins which are synthesized by various species of the fungal genus Fusarium such as Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (ex F.moniliforme Sheldon) and Fusarium proliferatum. The trichothecene (TC) mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produce by species that belong to several fungal genera, especially Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Memnoniella and Myrothecium. Fusarium mycotoxins are widely dispersed in cereals and their products. Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic compound produced by Fusarium spp. such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Fumonisins, the TCs and ZEA are hazardous for human and animal health. Contamination with TCs causes a number of illnesses in human and animal such as decrease in food consumption (anorexia), depression or inhibition on immune system function and haematoxicity. The purpose of this paper is to give a review of the papers published on the field of fumonisin, TC and ZEA mycotoxins in cereals consumed in the world.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a wide variety of fungal species that cause nutritional losses and represent a significant hazard to the food chain [1]
Short history and synthesis: TCs are mycotoxins produced by a range of different fungi and chemically they belong to the sesquiterpenoids [62]
In 1999, the worldwide contamination of Fusarium mycotoxins (DON, NIV, ZEA, DAS, T-2, HT-2) in cereal grains have been reported by Placinta et al
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a wide variety of fungal species that cause nutritional losses and represent a significant hazard to the food chain [1]. Fusarium species are probably the most prevalent toxinproducing fungi of the northern temperate regions and are commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia [5]. The most important Fusarium mycotoxins are fumonisins, TCs such as T-2, HT-2, DON, DAS, FUS-X, NIV, diacetylnivalenol, neosolaniol and ZEA. They are common mycotoxins throughout the world, mainly associated with cereal crops, in particular corn, wheat, barley, rye, rice and oats [6,7,8,9]. I: insufficient evidence; L: limited evidence; ND: no adequate data; S: sufficient evidence; Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans; Group 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. *From IARC, 2003
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