Fumonisins and their masked forms in maize products

Abstract

In recent years many papers on masked mycotoxins in maize-based products appeared, including reports on fumonisins capable to form non-covalent bonds with food macro constituents. Such so-called “hidden fumonisins” are frequently present in food at quantities higher than the free forms. The aim of this work was to assess levels of free and total (free + hidden) fumonisins (B1, B2 and B3) in 88 maize products available on the Polish retail market. Isotope dilution ion trap mass spectrometery coupled to a high performance liquid chromatography was used. 57% of all tested samples contained free fumonisins at concentrations above our limit of quantification LOQ (mean 390 ± 676 μg/kg). More than 77% of the samples contained free + hidden fumonisins at concentrations above LOQ (mean 574 ± 1177 μg/kg). The highest mean fumonisins concentrations 1006 ± 1131 μg/kg, 1651 ± 2317 μg/kg, respectively for free and free + hidden forms were observed in the group of maize snacks. The lowest fumonisin concentrations were found in maize-based starch concentrate products. None of the tested products within that group had free fumonisins concentrations above LOQ, while mean concentration of free + hidden fumonisins was as low as 82 ± 42 μg/kg. In thermally processed products like corn flakes and various snacks the hidden-to-free fumonisin concentration ratio was higher than in unprocessed products like flour, groats or raw popcorn grains.