Abstract
Mycotoxins in feed and food are highly toxic and pose a serious danger even at very low concentrations. The use of bentonites in animal diet can reduce toxin bioavailability. However, some mycotoxins like fumonisin B1 (FB1) form anionic species which excludes the use of negatively charged clays. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) with anion-exchange properties, in theory, can be perfect candidates to adsorb FB1. However, fundamental research on the use of LDH for mycotoxins removal is scarce and incomplete. Thus, the presented study was designed to explore such a possibility. The LDH materials with differing chemistry and layer charge were synthesized by co-precipitation both from metal nitrates and chlorides and were then tested for FB1 removal. XRD, FTIR, XPS, and chemical analysis were used for the LDH characterization and to obtain insight into the removal mechanisms. A higher adsorption capacity was observed for the Mg/Al LDH samples (~0.08–0.15 mol/kg) in comparison to the Mg/Fe LDH samples (~0.05–0.09 mol/kg) with no difference in removal efficiency between Cl and NO3 intercalated LDH. The adsorption capacity increased along with lower layer charge of Mg/Al and was attributed to the lower content of bonded carbonates and the increase of non-polar sites which led to matching between the adsorption domains of LDH with FB1. The FTIR analysis confirmed the negative effect of carbonates which hampered the adsorption at pH 7 and led to the highest adsorption at pH 5 (FB1 content ~15.8 ± 0.75 wt.%). The fast surface adsorption (1–2 min) was dominant and XRD analysis of the basal spacing indicated that no FB1 intercalation occurred in the LDH. The XPS confirmed a strong interaction of FB1 with Mg sites of LDH at pH 5 where the interaction with FB1 carboxylate moieties COO− was confirmed. The research confirmed a high affinity and selectivity of LDH structures towards anionic forms of FB1 mycotoxin.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are complex organic compounds produced as a result of metabolic processes by filamentous fungi of different genera, e.g., Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium
The spectra are typical for hydrated Layered double hydroxides (LDH) structure intercalated by chlorides or nitrates and accompanying carbonates
The presented study investigated the affinity of chemically different LDH structures to fumonisin
Summary
Mycotoxins are complex organic compounds produced as a result of metabolic processes by filamentous fungi of different genera, e.g., Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. There are about 300 known metabolites which have adverse effects on living organisms including animals and humans [1]. The most important classes of mycotoxins that are unwanted in food and feed products are aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, ochratoxins, and fumonisins. Most hazardous mycotoxins pose a serious danger even at very low concentrations and have been reported to be highly toxic and carcinogenic [2]. The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a serious global problem that is responsible for significant economic losses. It is estimated that approximately 25% of all crops worldwide
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