Abstract
Recent advances in microelectronics and biosensors are enabling developments of innovative biochips for advanced healthcare by providing fully integrated platforms for continuous monitoring of a large set of human disease biomarkers. Continuous monitoring of several human metabolites can be addressed by using fully integrated and minimally invasive devices located in the sub-cutis, typically in the peritoneal region. This extends the techniques of continuous monitoring of glucose currently being pursued with diabetic patients. However, several issues have to be considered in order to succeed in developing fully integrated and minimally invasive implantable devices. These innovative devices require a high-degree of integration, minimal invasive surgery, long-term biocompatibility, security and privacy in data transmission, high reliability, high reproducibility, high specificity, low detection limit and high sensitivity. Recent advances in the field have already proposed possible solutions for several of these issues. The aim of the present paper is to present a broad spectrum of recent results and to propose future directions of development in order to obtain fully implantable systems for the continuous monitoring of the human metabolism in advanced healthcare applications.
Highlights
According to the Molecular Diagnostics Survey Reports [1], diagnostics testing influences approximately 70% of health care decisions
Self-assembly techniques, where aligned nanotubes are directly grown off a surface, were used in order to control the alignment of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [42]
Substrate dipping in a suspension of functionalized CNTs such as ethanol [173], chitosan and tween [176] allows them to be vertically assembled onto the gold surface
Summary
According to the Molecular Diagnostics Survey Reports [1], diagnostics testing influences approximately 70% of health care decisions.
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