Abstract
In this work, we developed a novel all-3D-printed device for the simple determination of quetiapine fumarate (QF) via voltammetric mode. The device was printed through a one-step process by a dual-extruder 3D printer and it features three thermoplastic electrodes (printed from a carbon black-loaded polylactic acid (PLA)) and an electrode holder printed from a non-conductive PLA filament. The integrated 3D-printed device can be printed on-field and it qualifies as a ready-to-use sensor, since it does not require any post-treatment (i.e., modification or activation) before use. The electrochemical parameters, which affect the performance of the sensor in QF determination, were optimized and, under the selected conditions, the quantification of QF was carried out in the concentration range of 5 × 10−7–80 × 10−7 mol × L−1. The limit of detection was 2 × 10−9 mol × L−1, which is lower than that of existing electrochemical QF sensors. The within-device and between-device reproducibility was 4.3% and 6.2% (at 50 × 10−7 mol × L−1 QF level), respectively, demonstrating the satisfactory operational and fabrication reproducibility of the device. Finally, the device was successfully applied for the determination of QF in pharmaceutical tablets and in human urine, justifying its suitability for routine and on-site analysis.
Highlights
Quetiapine fumarate (QF) is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a dibenzoethiazepine structure, chemically known as 2-[2-(4-dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl-1-piperazinyl) ethoxy]ethanol hemifumarate
The electrochemical behavior of QF was examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 mol × L−1 of acetate buffer containing QF at two different concentrations
The QF oxidation reaction is most likely related to the aliphatic nitrogen of the piperazine ring, and a possible reaction of QF on the carbon black-loaded polylactic acid (PLA) WE is presented in Figure 2B [14]
Summary
Quetiapine fumarate (QF) is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a dibenzoethiazepine structure, chemically known as 2-[2-(4-dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl-1-piperazinyl) ethoxy]. Only a few works on the electrochemical determination of QF have been proposed in the literature so far, using bare or modified (with molecular imprinted polymers, graphene, and selective films) glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. All these electrochemical methods of QF determination involve the use of separate “large-size” external reference and counter electrodes; they do not have.
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