Full-field ERG in diabetic retinopathy: a screening tool?

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and its complications remains one of the major public health priorities of the modern era. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a frequent and major sight-threatening complication with increasing prevalence. In the US, projections of the National Eye Institute indicate that from 2010–2050, the number of Americans with DR is expected to nearly double, from 7.7 million to 14.6 million [1]. An important aspect of increased DR prevalence is that, in most cases, DR is subjectively asymptomatic until it has caused profound and often irreversible damage and visual loss. Therefore, development of objective methods to detect changes in retinal function and correlating them with the severity and progression of DR is important, providing a potentially beneficial approach either as an add-on to existing screening or as a guide in therapeutic decisions during the course of the disease. Full-field electroretinography (ERG) is still the most common clinical visual electrodiagnostic test worldwide, and it has been used extensively as an objective method to assess visual function in the past, including in DR [2]. Thus, any advancement in our understanding of how ERG correlates with other DR clinical signs and symptoms would be helpful in refining and improving the clinical management of DR. The article BPhotopic full-field electroretinography and optical coherence tomography^ by Jansson et al. [3] is definitely an a t t emp t i n t h a t r e g a r d a n d , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e number of involved, is the first major full-field ERG study in DR to appear in the peer-reviewed literature during the past 10 years. The author's decision to conduct such a study and compare photopic ERG responses with highresolution morphological measures, like spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), is an important step in improving our understanding of the correlation between different retinal parameter changes in DR. We thought that it would be important to comment on some of the aspects of this work for the broader readership audience of the journal. Thus, the author's conclusion that Bboth fullfield ERG and central retinal thickness measurements have a limited clinical value in the staging of retinopathy in unselected diabetes patients needs to be qualitied and placed in perspective. Thus, in terms of ERG responses, this assertion applies only to the ones analyzed in this study: photopic 30 Hz flicker and single-flash cone response. However, the limited clinical value of these two ERG responses can be debated further and some uncertainty about their lack of usefulness still remain. As the authors point out, when removing outliers, the association between 30 Hz flicker peak time and the degree of retinopathy becomes significant. Additionally, there are several limitations related to the patient population. First, all were type I diabetes and thus, may have been under better glucose blood monitoring control and clinical monitoring. Having said that, the level of HbA1c at the time of ERG testing was not known and this may have contributed to some of the variability in the responses, including the presence of outliers. Second, despite the relatively large total number of for this type of study (n=151), in some of the categories (e.g., with DR level 4 severe nonproliferative DR), a relatively small number of seven were recruited, or only 12.7 % compared to the number of recruited in another category: with DR level 1 – no retinopathy (n=55). Such an unbalanced patient distribution may have resulted in a higher threshold for significance, especially taking into account the necessity for age effects correction. This may partially explain why the present study did not find an association between photopic 30 Hz flicker peak time and DR, while two other similarly sized studies, Bresnick & Palta 1987 [4] (n=66) and Kim et al. * Radouil Tzekov rtzekov@health.usf.edu