Abstract
Fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP)-wheat-A. flavus interaction outcome is more complicated in the presence of drought. This study sheds light on how the presence of FNP affects food and feed safety from the perspective of mycotoxin contamination. The study aims to determine the influence of FNP at environmentally plausible concentrations on wheat growth under drought stress and on the aggressiveness of A. flavus during wheat germination, as well as the influence of FNP on the secondary metabolite profile during the inappropriate wheat storage. The co-occurrence of drought and FNP inhibited germination and shoot growth, while an application of FNP alone had no negative effect on plant growth. Wheat pre-treated with FNP showed a concentration dependent resistance pattern to A. flavus aggressiveness. Nevertheless, using a LC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin method, six secondary fungal metabolites: 3-nitropropionic acid (<LOD −775.7336 ± 10.7752 ng mL−1), aflatoxin B1 (<LOD −6.78 ± 0.43 ng mL−1) and B2 (<LOD −0.07 ± 0.00 ng mL−1), aflatoxicol (<LOD −0.37 ± 0.16 ng mL−1), kojic acid (<LOD −1337.87 ± 189.04 ng mL−1), and O-methylsterigmatocystin (<LOD −0.17 ± 0.00 ng mL−1), were detected. FNP affected secondary metabolism of A. flavus during inappropriate wheat storage and increased the concentration of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent pattern (3-nitropropionic acid and kojic acid). In addition, aflatoxicol production was provoked in FNP treated samples.
Highlights
Fullerols C60(OH)24 are oxidized fullerene C60 derivatives that are soluble in water, a result of the passage of fullerene C60 through different environmentally relevant routes and photoexcitation in the presence of oxygen [1]
The analysis revealed six metabolites that belonged to 3-nitropropionic acid, aflatoxins B1 and B2 (AFT B1; AFT B2), aflatoxicol, O
In conclusion, higher fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) treatment (100 and 1000 ng mL−1) showed a beneficial effect on germination and shoot length compared to the control
Summary
Fullerols C60(OH) are oxidized fullerene C60 derivatives that are soluble in water, a result of the passage of fullerene C60 through different environmentally relevant routes and photoexcitation in the presence of oxygen [1]. Release of nC60 in aerosol has been detected in the Mediterranean Sea atmosphere, Arizona State, and Eastern China, and in almost all other parts of the environment, such as wastewaters, surface waters, river sediments, and soils [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Due to their high solubility in the water, FNP can enter into plants which serve as a storage reservoir, thereby effecting yield and, even more entering the food and feed chain with unpredictable consequences [13]. Climate change dramatically impede plant growth and development, and alter the composition of mycotoxigenic fungal community structure [14,15,16,17,18]
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