Full‐Landscape Condensation Phases for Long‐Lived Excitons in 2D Tellurium: Crystal‐Field Splitting and Finite‐Momentum Excitons

Abstract

AbstractThe realization of high‐temperature exciton macroscopic quantum phases in materials still remains challenging due to strict constraints in thermal stabilities and excitonic lifetimes. In this work, by using first‐principles calculations, the exciton dispersions and macroscopic quantum phase transitions of 2D α‐ and β‐Te are investigated. The excitons with lowest eigen energy for both α‐ and β‐Te are dark restricted by the crystal‐field symmetries. The Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) transition for α‐ and β‐Te can be realized at 165.4 and 32.8 K with low excitation power densities of 0.42 × 1012 and 1.0 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. Furthermore, the phase transitions from insulating free exciton (FE) gas to conducting electron–hole plasma (EHP) and electron–hole liquid (EHL), as well as that from BEC to superfluidity phases are also predicted. Finally, the authors investigate the microscopic dynamics for bright excitons of 2D tellurium and find that they reach thermal equilibrium at 1–50 fs and excitonic lifetimes can reach 1–40 ns, beneficial for experimental observation of quantum condensate states. The findings in this work not only demonstrate the excellent optoelectronic properties of 2D tellurium allotropes, but also provide a promising platform for experimental realization of high‐temperature excitonic macroscopic quantum condensates.