Abstract
Electrified vehicles (xEV), especially the battery electric vehicle (BEV), are burgeoning and growing fast in China, aimed at building a sustainable, carbon-neutral future. This work presents an overview and quantitative comparison of the carbon-neutral vehicles fuel options based on the well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis. A more intuitionistic figure demonstrates the fuel options for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and describes the sustainability. Electricity and hydrogen shift the tailpipe emissions to the upstream process, forming larger WTW emissions from a fuel cycle view. The electricity WTW GHG emission reaches as much as twice that of gasoline. However, the high efficiency of the electric drive system improves the WTW emission performance from a vehicle view, making the lowest WTW emission of BEV. The fuel options’ technical and environmental perspectives are presented. Finally, long-term carbon-neutral vehicle development is discussed.
Highlights
Confronted with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission concerns and the adherence to petroleum fuel, the national and local government of China had introduced a series of policies and incentives to speed up the new energy vehicles’ (NEV) commercialization [1]
Traditional vehicles are propelled by an internal combustion engine (ICE), which consumes petroleum fuel, such as gasoline or diesel
Using the well-developed fuel pathways, the well-to-pump (WTP) GHG emissions, petroleum fuel consumption, and fossil fuel consumption can be calculated by Equation (1):
Summary
Confronted with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission concerns and the adherence to petroleum fuel, the national and local government of China had introduced a series of policies and incentives to speed up the new energy vehicles’ (NEV) commercialization [1]. The NEV, including battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), presents strong, alternative solutions. Compared to the total sales of 1.2 million in 2019, the NEV sales in 2020 reached. Traditional vehicles are propelled by an internal combustion engine (ICE), which consumes petroleum fuel, such as gasoline or diesel. Despite the fact that their transmissions can adjust the ICE operating points to improve the ICE’s energy conversion efficiency, the varying propulsion power and the ICE combustion characteristics govern the ICE’s inefficiency operation and significant tailpipe emissions.
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