Abstract

Ragone plot showing power density (kW/kg) and energy density (kWh/kg) is widely used for batteries, fuel cells and other energy conversion technologies. This is particularly useful for transportation and mobile applications where the weight is a key limiting factor. Here, we present for the first time, Ragone plot for scalable fuel-burning thermoelectric power generators. Optimizing thermoelectric leg geometry, the highest power and energy densities nearly scale with the square root of the material figure-of-merit (ZT). Internal heat recovery can improve fuel economy by 350% (reaching an efficiency >20% for a temperature independent ZTavg ~0.5), however, there is a trade-off due to the additional mass of heat exchanger hence the reduced power density. Prospects for electrification of particularly compact and unmanned vehicles are discussed. We foresee the potential of using fuel to drive fully-electric vehicles with high temperature thermoelectric generators. Development of the technologies for high heat transfer, reliable and robust contacts, and high ZT over a wide temperature range presents opportunities in the future energy landscape for mobile applications.

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