Fucus vesiculosus populations on artificial structures have potentially reduced fecundity and are dislodged at greater rates than on natural shores

Veronica Farrugia Drakard,Paul Brooks,Tasman P Crowe,Hannah S Earp,Bryan Thompson,Nathan Bourke,Ruby George,Chloe Piper,Pippa J Moore

doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105324

Veronica Farrugia Drakard, Paul Brooks + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105324

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Abstract

Artificial structures are widespread features of coastal marine environments. These structures, however, are poor surrogates of natural rocky shores, meaning they generally support depauperate assemblages with reduced population sizes. Little is known about sub-lethal effects of such structures, for example, in terms of demographic properties and reproductive potential that may affect the dynamics and long-term viability of populations. Such understanding is particularly important for ecosystem engineer species, such as the intertidal seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. In this study, F. vesiculosus was sampled on eight artificial structures and eight natural shores along the east coast of Ireland and the west coast of Wales. Algal percentage cover, biomass, density of individuals, and growth rate did not differ between artificial and natural shores. Growth and reproductive cycles were consistent with previous studies for this species. While there was considerable variation from site to site, on average, populations on natural shores produced a higher number of mature receptacles during the peak reproductive period in April, and lower rates of dislodgement than on artificial structures. As F. vesiculosus reach peak reproductive output after 24 months, this suggests that individuals may be removed from populations on artificial structures before reaching their full reproductive potential. In this case, this did not influence density, percentage cover, or biomass, which suggests that F. vesiculosus populations on artificial structures may function similarly to those on natural shores if supported by suitable source populations, but potentially may not persist otherwise.

Highlights

Artificial structures are increasingly widespread features of coastal marine environments with 50% of the Italian coastline on the northern Adriatic Sea armoured, 46% of English coastlines protected by artificial structures, and 50% of Sydney Harbour in Australia consisting of sea walls (Firth et al, 2013)
Cover, density and biomass data were collected from only six sites in Wales rather than eight: three artificial structures and three natural shores
The analysis revealed that there was on average a higher rate of dislodgement on artificial structures compared to natural shores (Fig. 4, Table 5)

Summary

Introduction

Artificial structures are increasingly widespread features of coastal marine environments with 50% of the Italian coastline on the northern Adriatic Sea armoured, 46% of English coastlines protected by artificial structures, and 50% of Sydney Harbour in Australia consisting of sea walls (Firth et al, 2013). Artificial structures present very different challenges for potential colonisers, and a growing body of research indicates that the resultant biotic assemblages tend to be relatively impoverished when compared to those established on natural rocky shores (Chapman and Bulleri, 2003; Bulleri and Chapman, 2004; Bulleri, 2005a). This suggests that as coastal urbanisation expands, natural coastlines, in particular areas of soft sediment, are being replaced by surfaces that are not equivalent in their ability to support biological assemblages and provide ecosystem services (Aguilera, 2018)

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