Abstract
In this work, we develop a numerical tool for the early detection of skin cancer using a 3D numerical transient radiative heat transfer study of ultrafast-laser transport through normal and malignant human skins. The curved-line advection method (CLAM) spatial scheme and the FTn angular scheme of the finite volume method (FVM) are investigated to analyze the above-cited physical phenomena. Both Fresnel specular and diffuse boundary conditions are analyzed. Human skin is considered based on optical properties available from other sources. The temporal radiative signals of skin with malignancies were compared to those of normal skin. Malignancies in the basal layer and epidermis were simulated. Further, the effects of laser light wavelength and the volume of the cancerous region and its scattering coefficient on these signals were studied. The results show that (1) the effect of the Fresnel boundary in the modeling was pronounced; (2) the peak magnitude for human skin with the cutaneous melanoma (CM) had the maximum value in comparison with those obtained for the two other malignancies; and (3) when cancer fully affected the living epidermis with any of these malignancies, the reflectance was more than its predicted value when affected by the basal only.
Highlights
Skin cancer arises from the skin due to the development of abnormal cells in the tissue
The results show that the Cutaneous melanoma (CM) malignancy has the peak magnitude in human skin when compared against the two other malignancies, due its superior scattering coefficient (the scattering coefficients are 9.185, 8.140 and 6.680 for the skin with CM, nodular basal cell carcinoma (NBCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (Table 3), respectively)
Human brain and skin tissues subjected to ultrafast lasers have been analyzed using a formulation based on the FTn finite volume method
Summary
Skin cancer arises from the skin due to the development of abnormal cells in the tissue. Applied the modified discrete ordinate method, whereas in this study a high-order spatial differencing scheme (the CLAM) and the FTn angular scheme of the finite volume method have been combined to study ultrafast-laser transport through normal and malignant human skins. All these improvements have been introduced to reduce numerical smearing and ray effect errors while increasing the solution accuracy of the numerical model. Such a discovery reported here for non-homogenous cells with a finite width and small inhomogeneities may be employed for the early discovery of small malignant or cancerous tumors in human skin. This paper analyzes the ultrafast laser interaction with nonhomogeneous three-dimensional biomedical tissue, and it offers an efficient numerical tool for an early detection of skin cancer
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