FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate classification methods to identify different powdered infant formulas adulterated with melamine and cyanuric acid

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a nondestructive, simple, rapid, and cheap measurement technique for analysis of many multicomponent chemical systems, e.g., detection of adulterants in food samples. In this respect, this study proposes combining FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate classification methods for classification and discrimination of different samples of infant formulas adulterated by melamine or/and cyanuric acid. Different parametric and non-parametric multivariate classification methods including the linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and classification and regression tree (CART) approaches were used to classify the recorded FTIR data. Assessing the performance of the multivariate methods according to their sensitivity, specificity and percent of correct prediction results demonstrated that coupling FTIR spectroscopy with multivariate classification can be applied as a rapid and powerful technique to the simultaneous detection of melamine and cyanuric acid in powdered infant formulas. This combinatorial method is efficient for adulterant concentrations as low as 0.0001 w/w%.