Abstract
In a two-year Hungarian study, the temporal progress of brown rot incidence and various injury types were studied in organic fruit orchards and the relationship between brown rot and injury types was determined. Results showed that brown rot reached an almost 20% incidence level in both years. Total injury incidence reached up to 5.3 and 19.8% in the two years. In all cases, insect injury incidence was the highest among injury types in most assessment dates. Incidence levels of other injury types (bird injury, mechanical injury and other injury) began to increase, but none of those reached levels >4%. Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that brown rot incidence correlated significantly with the incidence of insect injury. In addition, brown rot incidence and the incidence levels of bird injuries was also significantly correlated. High injury and brown rot incidence levels suggest further improvements on organic fruit protection.
Highlights
M. fructigena, in contrast to M. laxa or M. fructicola, can infect fruit through fresh or partially healed wounds (Byrde and Willetts, 1977, Xu et al, 2000). It may egsist a strong relationship between fruit injury and Monilinia infection of fruits, especially in organic orchards
First brown rot sypmtoms on fruit was assessed in June or July
Insect injury was the leading injury type reaching more than 65% contribution to Monilinia infected fruit
Summary
During the season fruit injury can occur due to various factors, such as codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (Xu et al, 2001, Holb, 2003, 2004), oriental fruit moth (Cydia molesta) (14), tortrix moths (Pandemis and Adoxophyes spp.) (Xu et al, 2001), various species of wasps (Lack, 1989), starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), blackbirds (Turdus merula), and crows (Corvus spp.) (Mitterling, 1965, Tobin et al, 1989, Leeuwen et al, 2000, Xu et al, 2001); growth cracks (Xu et al, 2001), and mechanical injury (Xu et al, 2001). Monilinia fructigena is an important fungal pathogen causing pre- and postharvest fruit rot in pome fruits (Byrde and Willetts, 1977, Holb, 2006, 2009). M. fructigena, in contrast to M. laxa or M. fructicola, can infect fruit through fresh or partially healed wounds (Byrde and Willetts, 1977, Xu et al, 2000). It may egsist a strong relationship between fruit injury and Monilinia infection of fruits, especially in organic orchards
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