Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation on olive trees and their fruit and oil quality. Olive trees of the Moroccan Picholine variety were grown under arid conditions in Marrakech, and exposed to four irrigation treatments: Control (irrigated with 100 % of the crop evapotranspiration, on the two sides of the root system), PRD1 (irrigated with 50 % of the control, on one side of the root system, switching every two weeks), PRD2 (irrigated with 50 % of the control, on one side of the root system, switching every four weeks) and PRD3 (irrigated with the same amount of water as the control applied on one side of the root system, switching every two weeks). The individual fruit weight, dimensions and oil contents were generally greater under PRD than the control. Whereas, the fruit water content was lower under PRD1 and PRD2 than the control and PRD3. Oil acidity was not affected by irrigation, while the total polyphenol content, which affects the oxidative stability and sensory characteristics of the oil, increased in response to the PRD irrigation, especially under PRD1 (246.0 ppm) and PRD2 (278.5 ppm) treatments, against 148.4 ppm and 101.8 ppm for PRD3 and the control respectively. This increase could explain the oil bitterness observed under PRD1 and PRD2. The fatty acid composition was not affected by PRD1 and PRD2. The oil quality based on UV absorption coefficients (K232 and K270) decreased significantly under PRD2. Chlorophyll content and maturity index were antagonistic, and olive ripeness was found to be precocious under PRD irrigation treatments compared to the control.
Highlights
Morocco is a traditional, Mediterranean producer of olives with an average annual production of 600,000 tons of olive fruit and 60,000 tons of oil (MADRPM/DPV, 2005)
In previous works (Wahbi et al, 2005; Centritto et al, 2005) we showed that partial rootzone drying (PRD) increased water use efficiency of mature olive trees grown in the field under arid conditions in southern Morocco
Weight and dimensions of olive fruits are of great importance for trade value and to determine their use for oil production or as table olives (Kiritsakis and Marakakis 1987)
Summary
Mediterranean producer of olives with an average annual production of 600,000 tons of olive fruit and 60,000 tons of oil (MADRPM/DPV, 2005). Based on the volume of olive exportation (63,000 tons/year), Morocco ranks second after Spain (MADRPM/DPV, 2005). Intensive olive growing is barely feasible without irrigation especially in the southern Mediterranean countries suffering from little or no rainfall during the most critical phonological phases for yield production. To increase or at least maintain crop production in these countries, with less water. In Europe, studies on irrigation have generally pointed towards the necessity of full irrigation to maximize olive production (d’Andria et al, 1999). Work by Goldhamer (1999) suggested that mild water deficits can be imposed without any significant loss of oil yield
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