Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in meat products is essential for maintaining microbiological stability. The reformulation by substituting synthetic additives for natural ones is an alternative to provide cleaner label products. Therefore, this work performed a literature search about extracts from fruits and agro-industrial waste with antimicrobial activity that can be applied in meat products. Jabuticaba waste extracts are excellent sources of anthocyanins with antimicrobial and pigmentation potential, capable of being applied in meat products such as fresh sausage, without compromising sensory attributes. Residue from grapes is rich in antimicrobial phytochemicals, mainly catechins, epicatechins, gallic acid and procyanidins. Extracts from different grape by-products and cultivars showed inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and other bacterial strains. Antimicrobial effects against L. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and E. coli O157: H7 were identified in Opuntia extracts. In addition, its application in hamburgers reduced (p < 0.05) aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas sp. counts, and at a concentration of 2.5%, improved the microbiological stability of salami without causing sensory and texture changes. These data reinforce the possibility of substituting synthetic preservatives for natural versions, a growing trend that requires researching effective concentrations to maintain the sensory and technological properties.
Highlights
IntroductionEven without being aware of the proliferation of microorganisms, when observing the high perishability of meat and the need for its immediate consumption, man began to use techniques of physical and chemical changes capable of delaying spoilage and improving the flavor of this and other food classes, which allowed the significant extension of the availability period of certain foods
Since antiquity, even without being aware of the proliferation of microorganisms, when observing the high perishability of meat and the need for its immediate consumption, man began to use techniques of physical and chemical changes capable of delaying spoilage and improving the flavor of this and other food classes, which allowed the significant extension of the availability period of certain foods
One of the oldest forms of meat processing is the manufacture of by-products from the processing of meat pieces, which started around 1500 BC in the Mediterranean region, whose climate was favorable for the maturation of products, when several procedures that resulted in the reduction in water activity and the prolongation of their shelf life, such as desiccation, drying, curing, smoking, salting and/or mixture of aromatic herbs, were applied [1,2]. As they are nutritionally rich foods with a large amount of available water in their composition, meats become susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoiling microorganisms
Summary
Even without being aware of the proliferation of microorganisms, when observing the high perishability of meat and the need for its immediate consumption, man began to use techniques of physical and chemical changes capable of delaying spoilage and improving the flavor of this and other food classes, which allowed the significant extension of the availability period of certain foods. A discussion that started around the 1970s showed the great risk to human health from the generation of a class of substances considered potentially carcinogenic, the nitrosamines, when high nitrite concentrations are exposed to high temperature conditions, as usually occurs in the manufacture of cured meat products, and since its use has been considered increasingly controversial [2,13] They are substances that significantly contribute to the conservation of products and have their use officially regulated, there are indications of negative health implications associated with the excessive consumption of these and other synthetic additives, such as carcinogenic effects and generation of toxic and mutagenic compounds, and, the maximum acceptable limits of their use have been gradually changed or prohibited in several countries [14,15]. Many studies have been conducted in order to substitute synthetic antimicrobials for natural versions
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