Abstract
Chronic diseases represent a major challenge in world health. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of disturbances affecting several organs, and it has been proposed to be a liver-centered condition. Fructose overconsumption may result in insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, elevated uric acid levels, increased blood pressure, and increased triglyceride concentrations in both the blood and liver. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a term widely used to describe excessive fatty infiltration in the liver in the absence of alcohol, autoimmune disorders, or viral hepatitis; it is attributed to obesity, high sugar and fat consumption, and sedentarism. If untreated, NAFLD can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation and mild fibrosis in addition to fat infiltration and, eventually, advanced scar tissue deposition, cirrhosis, and finally liver cancer, which constitutes the culmination of the disease. Notably, fructose is recognized as a major mediator of NAFLD, as a significant correlation between fructose intake and the degree of inflammation and fibrosis has been found in preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, fructose is a risk factor for liver cancer development. Interestingly, fructose induces a number of proinflammatory, fibrogenic, and oncogenic signaling pathways that explain its deleterious effects in the body, especially in the liver.
Highlights
Chronic diseases represent a major challenge in world health
MiRNA-149-5p is induced by uric acid in hepatocytes, causing lipid accumulation via the upregulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a protein implicated in lipid metabolism that is considered an anti-metabolic-syndrome hormone, playing an important role in the prevention of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development [57]
Plenty of evidence indicates that fructose and its metabolites play a significant role in the development of liver disease
Summary
Chronic diseases represent a major challenge in world health. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of disturbances that includes dyslipidemia, type II diabetes, insulin resistance, visceral obesity, microalbuminuria, and hypertension [1,2]. NAFLD constitutes the main cause of hepatic disorders It is usually asymptomatic, bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome, and difficult to diagnose, affecting about a third of the global population, and it is the prevailing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development [8,9]. High-fructose corn syrup is made from corn using caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes and is classified according to the percentage of fructose content (90, 55, and 42%) This powerful and cheap sweetener provides a long shelf life and maintains long-lasting hydration in industrial bakeries [29]. The World Health Organization recommends reducing the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of the total daily energy intake because of its association with metabolic diseases and cancer [32,33,34]. Golvuet5rwis haetlrmanstchepetohr,oamtreaonssptaotritecrctohanttbrionldms teochanis the brainTi,thspisooursebdsstiorbxalitnye-iainnntdedruaacccttiiinvnaggtepsbroeinthetiranavc(eiTlolXurNlaaIlrPas)iligtsenaarlamintiugolttnihfsuatnoctbrtiisgoegnerarlvsienmdtruailcnteiplalluedlarderispcprtooinotesneins, st[h5u8ac]t.h as an or cravincgoo[r4d6in–a4t8es].siRgneaglianrgdpianthgwthayes hduerdinognoixcidvaatilvueestorefsfsrauncdtoinsfleamanmdatitohne[5s9u].mTXoNfIaPlilsthese e that affecatlsaopapreegtuitleatocroonftcraorlb,omhyodrraetestmuedtaibeosliasmre[r6e0]q. uGilruet5dbtinodus ntodTeXrNstIaP,nwdhtichheleraodlsetoof fruct the reward system
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