Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency measurements on vinculin tension sensors at focal adhesions using a simple and cost-effective setup.

Abstract

Forces inside cells play a fundamental role in tissue growth, affecting important processes such as cancer cell migration or tissue repair after injury. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensors are a remarkable tool for studying these forces and should be made easier to use. We prove that absolute FRET efficiency can be measured on a simple setup, an order of magnitude more cost-effective than a standard FRET microscopy setup, by applying it to vinculin tension sensors (VinTS) at the focal adhesions of live CHO-K1 cells. Our setup located at Université Paris-Saclay acquires donor and acceptor fluorescence in parallel on two low-cost CMOS cameras and uses two LEDs for rapid switching of the excitation wavelength at a reduced cost. The calibration required to extract FRET efficiency was achieved using a single construct (TSMod). FRET efficiencies were measured for VinTS and the tail-less control VinTL, lacking the actin-binding domain of vinculin. Measurements were confirmed on the same cell type using a more standard intensity-based setup located at Rutgers University. The average FRET efficiency of VinTS () over more than 10,000 focal adhesions is significantly lower () than that of VinTL (), our control that is insensitive to force, in agreement with the force exerted on vinculin at focal adhesions. Attachment of the CHO-K1 cells on fibronectin decreases FRET efficiency, thus increasing the force, compared with poly-lysine. FRET efficiency for the VinTL control is consistent with all measurements currently available in the literature, confirming the validity of our measurements and hence of our simpler setup. Force measurements, resolved spatially inside a cell, can be achieved using FRET-based tension sensors with a cost effective intensity-based setup. This will facilitate combining FRET with techniques for applying controlled forces such as optical tweezers.