Abstract
Experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 to evaluate the effects of training system and leaf removal treatments on yield and quality for ‘Frontenac’, an interspecific hybrid wine grape, at a research vineyard located near Absaraka, North Dakota. The experiment was structured as a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement including four training system treatments (Geneva Double Curtain (GDC), High Cordon (HC), Vertical Shoot Positioned (VSP), Four-Arm Kniffin (4AK)), and four-leaf removal timing treatments (bloom, post-bloom, veraison, and a control, no removal) with eight replicates. In 2013, 1428 growing degree days (GDDs) accumulated in the 155 days between frost events. In 2014, 1156 GDDs accumulated in the 121 days between frost events, 272 GDDs less than the year prior. Even with the large GDD differences between years, there was no significant interaction between trellis type and leaf removal, and the main factor of leaf removal did not influence any of the fruit variables where data were collected. Combined data analysis showed no significant differences in fruit juice total soluble solids (TSS) or titratable acidity (TA). The fruit juice pH in 2013 was greater when grapes were grown in the VSP system compared to grapes grown in the other trellis systems. In 2014, live nodes and total shoots were greater for grapes grown on GDC and 4AK systems compared to grapes grown on the HC and VSP systems. Additionally, in 2014, grapes grown on the GDC system had a greater cluster number and yield when compared to grapes grown on the 4AK or VSP systems. These findings suggest that ‘Frontenac’ fruit TSS accumulation and TA were not affected by leaf removal or trellis system in North Dakota vineyards and that yield gains may be reached due to the training system without negatively affecting fruit quality.
Highlights
IntroductionThe recent and rapid expansion of the grape and wine industry in North Dakota was made possible by the development and release of interspecific Vitis spp. hybrids during the 1990s
Many variables were analyzed for a response to leaf removal treatments, yet significant differences were not found in response to leaf removal during either year
A report by Portz et al (2010) on ‘Frontenac Gris’ in Iowa found no significant differences in total soluble solids (TSS), pH, or titratable acidity (TA) with leaf removal conducted in early July [56]
Summary
The recent and rapid expansion of the grape and wine industry in North Dakota was made possible by the development and release of interspecific Vitis spp. hybrids during the 1990s. ‘Frontenac’, an interspecific hybrid with V. riparia parentage, was released from the University of Minnesota in 1996. ‘Frontenac’ is currently one of the most common wine grape cultivars in the Upper Midwest [1] due to its cold hardiness and productivity. ‘Frontenac’ challenges winemakers due to high acidity and low pH, which leads to a different acid profile compared to traditional V. vinifera cultivars [2,3,4,5].
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