From the ZnO Hollow Cage Clusters to ZnO Nanoporous Phases: A First-Principles Bottom-Up Prediction

Abstract

A family of ZnkOk (k = 12, 16) cluster-assembled solid phases with novel structures and properties has been characterized utilizing a bottom-up approach with density functional calculations. Geometries, stabilities, equation of states, phase transitions, and electronic properties of these ZnO polymorphs have been systematically investigated. First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) study of the two selected building blocks, Zn12O12 and Zn16O16, with hollow cage structure and large HOMO–LUMO gap shows that both of them are thermodynamically stable enough to survive up to at least 500 K. Via the coalescence of building blocks, we find that the Zn12O12 cages are able to form eight stable phases by four types of Zn12O12–Zn12O12 interactions, and the Zn16O16 cages can bind into three phases by the Zn16O16–Zn16O16 links of H′, C′, and S′. Among these phases, six ones are reported for the first time. This has greatly extended the family of ZnO nanoporous phases. Notably, some of these phases are even more stable than the synthesized metastable rocksalt ZnO polymorph. The hollow cage structure of the corresponding building block ZnkOk is well preserved in all of them, which leads to their low-density nanoporous and high flexibility features. In addition the electronic integrity (wide-energy gap) of the individual ZnkOk is also retained. Our calculation reveals that they are all semiconductor with a large direct or indirect band gap. The insights obtained in this work are likely to be general in II–VI semiconductor compounds and will be helpful for extending the range of properties and applications of ZnO materials.