Abstract
The League of Nations and the United Nations are the successive children of the same project of perpetual peace through collective security. The United States was the initiator of this project imposing itself, at the end of the First World War, as the umpire of the world balance of power. With the creation of the League of Nations, three key questions were raised: Who should be associated? Who should do the policing? What economic bases? The League of Nations was an extraordinary 'first experiment', but it was probably bound to fail, given the enormous discrepancy between goals and means. The United Nations drew the lessons from these shortcomings but could not help being confronted again to the very structure of the world system which was articulated around sovereign and highly unequal national states, unwilling to give up their main asset, i.e. the control of their armed forces.
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