From the Front or Back Door? Quantitative analysis of direct and indirect extractions of α-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).

Edison Eukun Sage,Normah Mohd Noor,Nashriq Jailani,Md Ikram Mohd Said,Mukram Mohamed Mackeen,Muntaz Abu Bakar,Azney Zuhaily Md Taib

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205753

Edison Eukun Sage, Normah Mohd Noor + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205753

Copy DOI

Abstract

The pulp and pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit are popular food, beverage and health products whereby 60% of the fruit consist of the pericarp. The major metabolite in the previously neglected or less economically significant part of the fruit, the pericarp, is the prenylated xanthone α-mangostin. This highly bioactive secondary metabolite is typically isolated using solvent extraction methods that involve large volumes of halogenated solvents either via direct or indirect extraction. In this study, we compared the quantities of α-mangostin extracted using three different extraction methods based on the environmentally friendly solvents methanol and ethyl acetate. The three solvent extractions methods used were direct extractions from methanol (DM) and ethyl acetate (DEA) as well as indirect extraction of ethyl acetate obtained via solvent partitioning from an initial methanol extract (IEA). Our results showed that direct extraction afforded similar and higher quantities of α-mangostin than indirect extraction (DM: 318 mg; DEA: 305 mg; IEA: 209 mg per 5 g total dried pericarp). Therefore, we suggest that the commonly used method of indirect solvent extraction using halogenated solvents for the isolation of α-mangostin is replaced by single solvent direct extraction using the environmentally friendly solvents methanol or ethyl acetate.

Highlights

Garcinia mangostana L. (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) commonly known as mangosteen is a tropical economic plant native to Southeast Asia that is believed to have originated from Peninsular Malaysia
Comparison of direct and indirect extractions of α-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) respective localities) by careful examination of the leaves via Fourier transform-infrared coupled with chemometric analysis [2]
The increasing economic value of this plant has resulted in its commercial cultivation especially in Southeast Asia for the regional and international markets [14, 15].The pericarp of G. mangostana is saliently characterised by the abundant presence of prenylated xanthones of which α-mangostin is the major constituent. α-Mangostin has been reported to be stable under normal and stress conditions [16, 17]

Summary

Introduction

Garcinia mangostana L. (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) commonly known as mangosteen is a tropical economic plant native to Southeast Asia that is believed to have originated from Peninsular Malaysia. Direct and indirect solvent extractions have been applied to the isolation of αmangostin from the pericarp of G. mangostana, a comparison of α-mangostin yields between both approaches has yet to be reported.

Results

Conclusion