Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite affecting numerous animal species. It induces significant economic losses because of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. In case of infection, the parasite secretes numerous arsenals to establish a successful infection in the host cell. In the same context but for a different purpose, the host resorts to different strategies to eliminate the invading parasite. During this battle, numerous key factors from both parasite and host sides are produced and interact for the maintaining and vanishing of the infection, respectively. Although several reviews have highlighted the role of different compartments of the immune system against N. caninum infection, each one of them has mostly targeted specific points related to the immune component and animal host. Thus, in the current review, we will focus on effector molecules derived from the host cell or the parasite using a comprehensive survey method from previous reports. According to our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights and discusses immune response at the host cell–parasite molecular interface against N. caninum infection in different susceptible hosts.
Highlights
Neosporosis is a clinical protozoan parasitic disease caused by Neospora caninum, the intracellular apicomplexan parasite
Researchers suggest that N. caninum and T. gondii diverged from their common ancestor in a period between 12 and 80 million years ago based on ssu rRNA analysis
It has been shown that N. caninum tachyzoites or its derived antigens can be efficient at activating many toll-like receptors (TLRs), suggesting the major role of receptors in modulating N. caninum infection
Summary
Neosporosis is a clinical protozoan parasitic disease caused by Neospora caninum, the intracellular apicomplexan parasite. The disease affects a large number of warm-blooded animals and is transmitted orally via the ingestion of oocysts or tissue cysts, or from an infected dam to the fetus by transplacental transmission. Such an infection is incriminated as a cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, leading to high financial burdens and losses in cattle industry [1]. Immune response-related studies against the N. caninum infection, especially at the molecular level, have increased in the last decade and some reviews have highlighted such information and findings. Only studies that focused on host–parasite interactions from various immunological approaches were included, with special reference to recognition and signaling pathways
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