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Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has placed extraordinary demands upon healthcare systems worldwide. Italy's hospitals have been among the most severely overwhelmed, and as a result, Italian healthcare workers' (HCWs) well-being has been at risk. The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between dimensions of burnout and various psychological features among Italian healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 emergency. A group of 267 HCWs from a hospital in the Lazio Region completed self-administered questionnaires online through Google Forms, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Resilience Scale, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Short Form (IU). Cluster analysis highlighted two opposite burnout risk profiles: low burnout and high-risk burnout. The high-risk group had lower resilience and greater difficulties in tolerating the uncertainty than the low-burnout group. A set of general linear models confirmed that both IU subscales, prospective and inhibition, moderated the relationship between resilience and burnout (specifically in the depersonalization dimension). In conclusion, the results showed that individual levels of resilience and one's ability to tolerate uncertainty have been significant factors in determining the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on HCWs. The use of emotional strategies that allow individuals to stay in a critical situation without the need to control it appears to protect against burnout in these circumstances.
Highlights
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, when infections and deaths began to increase exponentially worldwide
Regarding Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) levels based on cutoff criteria, for emotional exhaustion, 56% of the sample showed low levels, 24% medium levels, and 20% high levels; for MBI depersonalization, 67% showed low levels, 26% medium levels, and 7% high levels, whereas on MBI personal accomplishment, 44% showed low levels, 32% medium levels, and 24% high levels
The physical and psychological well-being of our healthcare workers’ (HCWs) are being tested as patient loads continue to increase and their fellow co-workers become infected with COVID-19, contributing significantly to burnout among healthcare workers (Patti et al, 2018; Barello et al, 2020; Di Monte et al, 2020)
Summary
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, when infections and deaths began to increase exponentially worldwide. The first cases were reported during December, 2019, in Wuhan, China (World Health Organization, 2020); Italy was the country to experience a severe impact. As of December, 2020, the situation continues to deteriorate, with the World Health Organization (2020) receiving reports of 66,422,058 confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide, including 1,532,418 deaths. The nature of individual experience of the pandemic for Italians has varied depending in part on sociodemographic factors, with women and those with previously diagnosed medical conditions bearing a intense burden (Epifanio et al, 2021). The mental state of the Italian population has been severely tested, and multiple studies have found a marked increase in psychological symptoms in the nonclinical population. The incidence of high mortality in Italy has considerably aggravated the situation by perpetuating the traumatic dimension of grieving (Bruno et al, 2020; Forte et al, 2020; Mariani et al, 2020; Castellini et al, 2021; Velotti et al, 2021)
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