Abstract
Vascular catheterization procedures are performed on millions of patients in the United States annually. Diagnostic and therapeutic, these procedures allow for the detection and treatment of diseased vessels. The use of catheters, however, is no new phenomenon. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans constructed tubes from hollow reeds and palm leaves to be tunneled through the vasculature of cadavers to study cardiovascular system function, while eighteenth century English physiologist Stephen Hales used a brass pipe cannula to perform the first central vein catheterization on a horse. In 1963, American surgeon Thomas Fogarty developed a balloon embolectomy catheter, while in 1974, German cardiologist Andreas Grüntzig developed a more refined angioplasty catheter using polyvinyl chloride with improved rigidity. Vascular catheter material has since continued to evolve and is tailored to the specific needs of the procedure but would not have been possible without its rich and diverse history of development.
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