Abstract
The phaseout of methyl bromide and the ban on, or withdrawal of, other toxic soil fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides belonging to the organophosphate and carbamate groups are leading to changes in nematode-control strategies. Sustainable nematode-control methods are available and preferred, but not always effective enough, especially for cash crops in intensive agriculture. A few non-fumigant nematicides, which have a relatively high control efficacy with a low toxicity to non-target organisms, have been released to the market or are in the process of being registered for use. Fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine are the three main and most promising next-generation nematicides. In this paper, several aspects of these non-fumigant nematicides are reviewed, along with a brief history and problems of old-generation nematicides.
Highlights
Farmers were struggling with plant-parasitic nematodes even before they had any knowledge of the pest, using methods such as sanitation, crop rotation, fallowing, the selection of superior plants, etc
From the point of view of environmental safety, nematicides applied to soils have more chance of leaching into the groundwater than pesticides applied to plant foliage [58]
The results suggest that the target site for fluensulfone in the nematode may be related to that of fluopyram, which is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) [18,19]
Summary
Farmers were struggling with plant-parasitic nematodes even before they had any knowledge of the pest, using methods such as sanitation, crop rotation, fallowing, the selection of superior plants, etc. The potential of nematode damage to crops was only widely recognized after the nematicidal activity of soil fumigants was revealed in the early 20th century. Applications of fumigants such as chloropicrin, methyl bromide, a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane (D-D), and ethylene dibromide (EDB), drastically increased the yields of several crops in most field trials conducted in the USA and other countries [5]. The results identified nematodes as a high-risk pest group among crops, and more fumigants were developed. Significant among these were 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)-, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)-, and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC)-generating compounds; most of these fumigants were later banned or are currently being withdrawn in many countries due to their adverse effects on humans and the environment.
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