From Italy to the Indian subcontinent: Dante and his Divine Comedy in Urdu

Abstract

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) is one of the most important Italian writers, well-known for his magnum opus the Divine Comedy. This article investigates the Urduphone world's engagement with Dante from the late 19th century to the post-colonial period. As India was ruled by the British, English writers, specifically Shakespeare and Milton, were the most famous foreign literary figures in colonial India. Dante, even though he had no official patronage, also made his appearance in Urdu print culture and is frequently referred to by Urdu writers and critics. There are three distinct ways in which Dante is engaged with in Urdu. The first dimension concerns essays about Dante's life and work in Urdu periodicals, and this article will present an overview of these. Secondly, several full and partial translations of the Divine Comedy have been produced in Urdu. This dimension is particularly significant because of Dante's treatment of Prophet Mūḥammad in the Divine Comedy, and the article will attempt to highlight the strategies used by translators to deal with those passages. Finally, Dante has frequently been juxtaposed with Mūḥammad Iqbāl because of the similarities between the Divine Comedy and Javed Nama, both said to be modeled after the story of Miʿrāj in Islam. The article argues that this engagement with Dante in Urdu resulted due to the Divine Comedy's inspiration from Muslim sources, as claimed by the Spanish orientalist Miguel Asin Palacios in his book Islam and the Divine Comedy.