Abstract
There is empirical evidence of many diversified ways for energy to be acquired and allocated to reproduction, notably with strategies ranging from strict income breeding (females fueling their gametes with energy gained concomitantly during reproduction) to strict capital breeding (females storing nutrients prior reproduction). Until now, the question of whether diversification of these strategies might impact the way communities are organized has not been considered. Here, we suggest that diversified resource allocation strategies among competing species may contribute to their coexistence. We examined this hypothesis by focusing on communities composed of four phytophagous insect species that coexist and compete for egg-laying sites. From wild-caught females, we determined precisely the breeding period of each species and we described their resource acquisition and allocation to reproduction dynamics. We quantified in each species the total amount of larval energy stored by newly-emerging females and then monitored the total energy budget of females caught in the field before and throughout their breeding period. We found that the four sibling weevil species are markedly segregated along the income-capital-breeding continuum, which is correlated with clear time partitioning in their laying activity. Our results suggest that diversified resource allocation strategies might contribute to time partitioning of plant resources exploitation and thus indirectly to their coexistence. This work should further encourage studies examining the extent to which competitive coexistence might be affected by diversification of income-capital breeding strategies together with the intensity of interspecific competition, and considering the divergent evolution of these strategies.
Highlights
Acquiring energy from limited resources and allocating it to various physiological pathways is a central issue for all organisms (e.g. [1,2,3])
We focused on insect communities composed of four weevil species - Curculio glandium (Marsham), C. elephas (Gyllenhal), C. pellitus (Boheman), and C. venosus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), that are specialized on oak trees (Quercus spp.)
Variations in plant resource availability induce various levels of competition that should favor consecutively each insect species due to their oviposition time partitioning [23]. We suggest that such partitioning of resource use during the insect reproductive season is linked to distinct Allocation to Reproduction (AAR) strategies between the four insect species, which would be characterized by different positions along the income-capital breeding continuum
Summary
Acquiring energy from limited resources and allocating it to various physiological pathways is a central issue for all organisms (e.g. [1,2,3]). We focused on insect communities composed of four weevil species - Curculio glandium (Marsham), C. elephas (Gyllenhal), C. pellitus (Boheman), and C. venosus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), that are specialized on oak trees (Quercus spp.) These species coexist on the same individual host plants [14,15,16,17], where they compete for the use of oak acorns as their unique egg-laying sites [18]. We determined for each species the egg-laying period and the lifetime kinetics of reproductive investment of females to finely connect the within-year partitioning of plant resource use observed between the four species to the strategies of energy acquisition and allocation to reproduction
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