Abstract
Recently, a few Na+-specific RNA-cleaving DNAzymes were reported, where nucleobases are likely to play critical roles in catalysis. The NaA43 and NaH1 DNAzymes share the same 16-nt Na+-binding motif, but differ in one or two nucleotides in a small catalytic loop. Nevertheless, they display an opposite pH-dependency, implicating distinct catalytic mechanisms. In this work, rational mutation studies locate a catalytic adenine residue, A22, in NaH1, while previous studies found a guanine (G23) to be important for the catalysis of NaA43. Mutation with pKa-perturbed analogs, such as 2-aminopurine (∼3.8), 2,6-diaminopurine (∼5.6) and hypoxanthine (∼8.7) affected the overall reaction rate. Therefore, we propose that the N1 position of G23 (pKa ∼6.6) in NaA43 functions as a general base, while that of A22 (pKa ∼6.3) in NaH1 as a general acid. Further experiments with base analogs and a phosphorothioate-modified substrate suggest that the exocyclic amine in A22 and both of the non-bridging oxygens at the scissile phosphate are important for catalysis for NaH1. This is an interesting example where single point mutations can change the mechanism of cleavage from general base to general acid, and it can also explain this Na+-dependent DNAzyme scaffold being sensitive to a broad range of metal ions and molecules.
Highlights
DNAzymes are DNA sequences with catalytic activities [1,2,3]
We propose that G23 functions as a general base in NaA43T, while A22 as a general acid in NaH1
A series of mutation studies in NaH1 demonstrated that A22 is indispensable for its catalysis, and previous studies indicated that G23 plays an important role in NaA43
Summary
DNAzymes are DNA sequences with catalytic activities [1,2,3]. A variety of RNA-cleaving DNAzymes require various monovalent (e.g. Na+ [4,5], Ag+ [6]), divalent (e.g., Pb2+ [1], Zn2+ [7], Cu2+ [8], UO22+ [9], Hg2+ [10], Cd2+ [11]) and trivalent (e.g. lanthanides [12]) metal ions for catalysis. Most self-cleaving ribozymes (e.g. the Rzb hammerhead [17,18], env pistol [19,20] and twister ribozymes [21]) use a general base mechanism, where a guanine helps activate the 2 -OH nucleophile. Adenines or cytosines can play the general acid role in the pistol [19], twister [21] and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozymes [22]
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