Abstract
Recently, mRNA vaccines have become a significant type of therapeutic and have created new fields in the biopharmaceutical industry. mRNA vaccines are promising next-generation vaccines that have introduced a new age in vaccinology. The recent approval of two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2) has accelerated mRNA vaccine technology and boosted the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. These mRNA vaccines will help to tackle COVID-19 pandemic through immunization, offering considerable hope for future mRNA vaccines. Human trials with data both from mRNA cancer vaccines and mRNA infectious disease vaccines have provided encouraging results, inspiring the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to focus on this area of research. In this article, we discuss current mRNA vaccines broadly in two parts. In the first part, mRNA vaccines in general and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are discussed. We presented the mRNA vaccine structure in general, the different delivery systems, the immune response, and the recent clinical trials for mRNA vaccines (both for cancer mRNA vaccines and different infectious diseases mRNA vaccines). In the second part, different COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are explained. Finally, we illustrated a snapshot of the different leading mRNA vaccine developers, challenges, and future prospects of mRNA vaccines.
Highlights
SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly created a worldwide pandemic, leading to significant health challenges and economic burdens for every country while causing severe morbidity and mortality
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) complex is in the gene of interest for self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccine constructs as a replicase component [34]
In a Phase-I clinical trial, the results showed that mRNA vaccines for H10N8 induced robust prophylactic immunity in human volunteers
Summary
SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly created a worldwide pandemic, leading to significant health challenges and economic burdens for every country while causing severe morbidity and mortality. MRNA-based vaccines are a more promising choice compared to conventional vaccine strategies because mRNA vaccine candidates have the capacity for rapid development with high effectiveness. These vaccine candidates have the potential for low-cost manufacturing and safer administration. Wolff et al successfully injected mRNA reporter genes into mouse skeletal muscle cells, and protein production was observed, documenting the first attempt at mRNA in vivo expression This experiment demonstrated a successful method for mRNA vaccine development [8]. Along with the other mRNA vaccine, two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were developed very rapidly to fight against the pandemic.
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