Abstract
The motivation of this paper is to identify possible directions for future developments in the battery system structure for BEVs to help choosing the right cell for a system. A standard battery system that powers electrified vehicles is composed of many individual battery cells, modules and forms a system. Each of these levels have a natural tendency to have a decreased energy density and specific energy compared to their predecessor. This however, is an important factor for the size of the battery system and ultimately, cost and range of the electric vehicle. This study investigated the trends of 25 commercially available BEVs of the years 2010 to 2019 regarding their change in energy density and specific energy of from cell to module to system. Systems are improving. However, specific energy is improving more than energy density. More room for improvements is thus to be gained in packaging optimization and could be a next step for further battery system development. Other aspects looked at are cell types and sizes. There, a trend to larger and prismatic cells could be identified.
Highlights
IntroductionMore and more electric vehicles are being put on the road. Increasing demand is supported by many forms of government subsidies, falling prices for vehicles and increasing offerings by the vehicle manufacturers are encouraged and mandated through continuously stricter CO2 fleet emission targets
Every year, more and more electric vehicles are being put on the road
How can a cost- and range optimal packing densities and to cell type, size, use of space and weight of the battery system in current battery design be achieved on a system level? The aim of this work is a thorough review of current data on electric vehicles
Summary
More and more electric vehicles are being put on the road. Increasing demand is supported by many forms of government subsidies, falling prices for vehicles and increasing offerings by the vehicle manufacturers are encouraged and mandated through continuously stricter CO2 fleet emission targets. To further increase the amount of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) sold, it is important to overcome hurdles such as the long charging times and the lower range of BEVs compared to Internal. Falling prices for electric vehicles are mostly realized through savings in cost for the most expensive component of the electric vehicle, the battery system, which is estimated to make around 27% of the vehicle cost structure when assessing a long-range electric vehicle with 75 kWh of energy [2] This is already lower than the estimated price of 150 $/kWh when electric vehicles can be price competitive with for example 50% of the US car market from a TCO (total cost of ownership) perspective, but from an initial price point
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