Abstract
Among the adult population, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes the most prevalent form of kidney neoplasm. Unfortunately, RCC is relatively asymptomatic and there are no tumor markers available for diagnostic, prognostic or predictive purposes. Molecular profiling, the global analysis of gene and protein expression profiles, is an emerging promising tool for new biomarker identification in RCC. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on RCC regarding clinical presentation, treatment options, and tumor marker status. We present a general overview of the more commonly used approaches for molecular profiling at the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels. We also highlight the emerging role of molecular profiling as not only revolutionizing the process of new tumor marker discovery, but also for providing a better understanding of the pathogenesis of RCC that will pave the way towards new targeted therapy discovery. Furthermore, we discuss the spectrum of clinical applications of molecular profiling in RCC in the current literature. Finally, we highlight some of the potential challenging that faces the era of molecular profiling and its transition into clinical practice, and provide an insight about the future perspectives of molecular profiling in RCC.
Highlights
The American Cancer Society predicts that there will be about 54,000 new cases of kidney cancer in the United States in 2008, and about 13,010 people will die from this disease http://www.cancer.org
The diagnoses of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is confirmed with imaging studies such as CT and ultrasound, and many cases of RCC are accidentally discovered during routine imaging [1]
In previously untreated patients Sutent improves overall survival when compared to INF [17] while Nexavar improves progression free survival (PFS) 2nd line after immunotherapy when compared to best supportive care
Summary
Michael's Hospital Toronto, Canada, 2Department of Medical Oncology, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada and 3Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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