Abstract
The presence of Africans and their descendants in Brazil since the end of the nineteenth century and their cultural contributions have been treated problematically by Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Gilberto Freyre, who provided a reference point for the study of race relations and black culture in Brazil. This is important because nineteenth-century Brazil had begun to aspire to the level of civilization attained in Europe and North America while being all too well aware that its culture was seen from abroad as including elements regarded there as inferior and primitive—those of the cultures of its Native Americans and, especially, of its Africans and their descendants. This problem became even more significant in the twentieth century, when foreigners came to regard Brazil’s culture as that of its black working class. A partir do final do Século XIX, a presença de africanos e descendentes assim como a produção cultural dos mesmos foi problematizada em dois autores, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e Gilberto Freyre, que serviram de referência para constituição de um campo de estudo das relações raciais e cultura negra no Brasil. A discussão é de grande relevância na medida em que já no Século XIX, o Brasil pretendia se elevar ao patamar civilizatório das nações modelos, porém culturalmente sabia ser definido pelo aporte de culturas compreendidas como inferiores e primitivas, atribuídas aos indígenas e, particularmente, a africanos e descendentes. No caso destes últimos, africanos e descendentes, já no século XIX, se esboçava o dilema, que ganhou mais fôlego no século XX, de compreendê-los como sujeitos de uma cultura afro-brasileira, afrodescendente, popular ou negra.
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